Hepatitis B is an inflammation of the liver and is caused by the Hepatitis B virus (HBV). Hepatitis B is the only sexually transmitted infection that could be prevented by a highly effective vaccine. Several vaccines have been developed for the prevention of hepatitis B virus infection. The vaccine is secure and vaccination of newborns and adults at high risk for hepatitis B has reduced the risk of infection. Hepatitis B virus infection may either be acute (self-limited) or chronic (more than 6 months). Persons with self-limited infection clear the infection spontaneously within weeks to months. When the infection is not cleared, one becomes a chronic carrier of the virus. Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus may be either asymptomatic or may be associated with a chronic inflammation of the liver (chronic hepatitis), leading to cirrhosis over a period of several years. This type of infection dramatically increases the incidence of liver cancer.

How is it transmitted?

Hepatitis B is largely transmitted through exposure to bodily fluids containing the virus. These include:

• Unprotected sexual contact (vaginal, anal or oral) with an infected person
• Blood transfusions
• Re-use of contaminated needles and syringes
• From mother to child during childbirth

How can I reduce the risk of infection?

Your best protection against Hepatitis B is the vaccine (however, people living with HIV appear to have inferior antibody responses to hepatitis B vaccination).

• Use latex condoms and dental dams during sex.
• Know and limit the number of sexual partners.
• Don’t share needles, razors or toothbrushes.

What are the most common symptoms?

Acute infection with hepatitis B virus is associated with acute viral hepatitis - an illness that begins with general ill-health, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, body aches, mild fever, dark urine, and then progresses to development of jaundice. Symptoms usually begin three months after the infection, last for a few weeks and then gradually improve in most of the affected people.